Line a baking sheet with wax or parchment paper; set aside. In the bowl of a stand mixer fitted with the paddle attachment, beat the cream cheese, sugar and vanilla together until smooth and creamy.

Using two spoons (one to scoop and another to push filling off of spoon), scoop out the filling and place onto lined baking sheet. Continue with the rest of the filling, aiming for about 30 dollops. Place baking sheet in the freezer for at least one hour.

In a large mixing bowl, whisk the flour, cream of tartar, baking soda, spices, and salt together; set aside.

In the bowl of a stand mixer fitted with a paddle attachment, beat the butter until smooth, about 1 to 2 minutes. Add both sugars and continue beating on medium speed until smooth and creamy.

Scrape down the sides of the bowl, add the egg, and beat just until combined. Add the pumpkin puree and vanilla and continue beating. The mixture might look a little odd and curdled at this point, but this will change once you add the dry ingredients.

Add the flour mixture and beat on low until just combined, about 1 minute. Tightly wrap the dough in plastic wrap, shape into a flat disc, and refrigerate for at least 2 hours, or up to 5 days. Do not skip this step.

Preheat oven to 375ºF. Line a large baking sheet with parchment paper. In a small bowl, combine the sugar and cinnamon.

Grease your hands with either nonstick cooking spray or butter. Scoop out a small portion of dough about the size of a golfball and flatten in the palm of your hand.

Place one of the cheesecake filling dollops in the center of the flattened dough, and carefully wrap the dough around the filling. (Make sure that no filling is showing. You don't want the cookies to leak while baking!) Gently roll it into a ball, coat it in the cinnamon-sugar, then place it onto the prepared baking sheet. Repeat process with the rest of the dough and filling.

Bake for 8-10 minutes, or until the tops of the cookies appear dry--they shouldn't spread much in the oven. Let cookies cool on baking sheet for 5 minutes before transferring to a wire rack to cool completely.